The scale and nature of the Late Bronze Age economies of Egypt and Cyprus /
The aim of this study is to interpret the scale and nature of the economy of the Eastern Mediterranean in the latter period of the Late Bronze Age (LBA). It does this by using a quantitative approach that estimates the size of the workforce required to meet basic needs (food, clothing, and shelter)...
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| Language: | English |
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Archaeopress,
2014
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| Series: | BAR international series ;
2594 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Padgham, Keith | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Padgham, Keith, |e author |0 http://viaf.org/viaf/306384560 | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Padgham, Keith, |e author |1 http://viaf.org/viaf/306384560 | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Padgham, Keith, |e author |4 http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Padgham, Keith, |e author | |
| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The scale and nature of the Late Bronze Age economies of Egypt and Cyprus / |c Keith Padgham |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford : |b Archaeopress, |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a xiii, 182 pages : |b illustrations (black and white), one map (black and white) ; |c 30 cm | ||
| 300 | |a xiii, 182 pages : |b illustrations , 1 map ; |c 30 cm | ||
| 336 | |a text |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |a volume |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a BAR international series ; |v 2594 | |
| 500 | |a Revised version of the author's doctoral thesis | ||
| 500 | |a "40 years of BAR"--Back cover | ||
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references (145-182) | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction and past scholarship -- 1.1.Introduction -- Scope -- Sources of evidence -- Methodology -- The concept of the Hierarchy of Needs -- Cost in the context of the ancient economy -- Process modelling -- Chaine operatoire -- Spreadsheet analyses -- Layout -- 1.2.Past scholarship -- Bucher -- Weber -- Meyer and Rostovtzeff -- Finley -- Polanyi's substantivism -- The embedded economy -- Patterns of exchange -- Redistribution -- Reciprocity -- Administered trade -- The formalist case -- Economising through rational choices -- The market -- 1.3.The unresolved argument -- ch. 2 Agriculture in the Late Bronze Age -- 2.1.Introduction -- Sources of evidence -- 2.2.The farming practices of NK Egypt and LBA Cyprus -- NK Egypt -- The inundation -- Management of the inundation -- Limitations of the inundation -- Other causes of crop failure in Egypt -- LBA Cyprus -- The impact of annual rainfall on harvest yields -- | |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |a Contents note continued: |t Multiple cores in the Near East LBA world-system -- |t LBA world-systems interactions -- |g 6.6 |t Final observations -- |t Economy -- |t Cost -- |t Modelling -- |t Trade -- |t importance of LBA Cyprus -- |t scale and nature of the LBA economy -- |t Appendix -- |t AGCLAC summaries of yield rates and references used in this study -- |t SHELTER analyses for mud-brick production and construction of domestic and state granaries -- |t BRONZECALC analyses for bronze demand -- |t Metallurgical glossary -- |t Chemical glossary. |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |g 6 |t scale and nature of the LBA economy -- |g 6.1 |t Introduction -- |g 6.2. |t scale of the LBA economy -- |t Basic, non-basic workers, and their non-productive dependants -- |t Basic workforce -- |t Non-basic workforce -- |t scale of the metals trade in the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- |t Production cost of bronze -- |t Supply constraints -- |t Recycling as a response to supply constraints -- |t demand for bronze -- |g Case Study D |t Bronze for the Egyptian army at the time of Ramesses II -- |g Case Study E |t Bronze for the NK Egyptian agrarian sector -- |g Case Study F |t Bronze for the tools of Egyptian state craftsmen -- |t Observations -- |g 6.3. |t scale of LBA maritime trade -- |t Improvements in LBA ship design -- |t Keel and hull -- |t Mast -- |t Increased visibility -- |t Increased size of LBA ships -- |t Improvement in sails -- |t Fabric -- |t Brailing -- |t LBA maritime infrastructure -- |t cost of sea transport -- |t Observations -- |g 6.4. |t nature of the LBA economy -- |t Polanyi's redistribution model challenged -- |g Case Study G |t Storage and redistribution of rations for the population of NK Egypt -- |g Case Study H |t Storage and redistribution of rations to satisfy the non-basic sector -- |t Observations -- |t Evidence for cost accounting in the LBA -- |t Observations -- |t development of a private sector in the LBA -- |t emerging spending power of the sub-elite -- |t Price formation -- |t Value -- |t Supply and demand -- |t Proto-currencies -- |t merchant: profiteer or agent of the state -- |t Profit in the LBA: reality or myth -- |t Evidence for entrepreneurial merchants -- |t Egypt -- |t Levantine littoral -- |t Assyria -- |g 6.5. |t Four theoretical socio-economic frameworks applied to the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- |t Asiatic mode of production -- |t two-sector model -- |t patrimonial household model (PHM) -- |t world-systems perspective of the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- |t economic strength of Egypt -- |t Cyprus and Ugarit in the LBA, semi-peripheries or peripheries? -- |
| 505 | 0 | 0 | |g ch. 1 |t Introduction and past scholarship -- |g 1.1 |t Introduction -- |t Scope -- |t Sources of evidence -- |t Methodology -- |t concept of the Hierarchy of Needs -- |t Cost in the context of the ancient economy -- |t Process modelling -- |t Chaine operatoire -- |t Spreadsheet analyses -- |t Layout -- |g 1.2. |t Past scholarship -- |t Bucher -- |t Weber -- |t Meyer and Rostovtzeff -- |t Finley -- |t Polanyi's substantivism -- |t embedded economy -- |t Patterns of exchange -- |t Redistribution -- |t Reciprocity -- |t Administered trade -- |t formalist case -- |t Economising through rational choices -- |t market -- |g 1.3. |t unresolved argument -- |g ch. 2 |t Agriculture in the Late Bronze Age -- |g 2.1. |t Introduction -- |t Sources of evidence -- |g 2.2. |t farming practices of NK Egypt and LBA Cyprus -- |t NK Egypt -- |t inundation -- |t Management of the inundation -- |t Limitations of the inundation -- |t Other causes of crop failure in Egypt -- |t LBA Cyprus -- |t impact of annual rainfall on harvest yields -- |t management of drought in dry farming areas -- |t management of above average rainfall in dry farming areas -- |t Dry farming practice -- |t Fallowing/crop rotation in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Egyptian fallowing practice -- |t Cypriot fallowing practice -- |t Maintenance of soil fertility -- |t Fertility from inundation silt in Egypt -- |t Manuring in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Nitrogen fixing with legumes -- |g 2.3. |t energy requirement to feed a 100,000 cohort/yr -- |t Demographic age profile -- |t Calorie requirements -- |g 2.4. |t diets of LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt -- |t LBA Cypriot diet -- |t NK Egyptian diet -- |t balanced diet -- |g 2.5. |t Evidence for the diet -- |t Carbohydrates -- |t Types of cereals grown in Egypt and Cyprus -- |t Ratio of wheat to barley cultivated -- |t Honey in Egypt and Cyprus -- |t Honey in Egypt -- |t Honey in Cyprus -- |t Viticulture -- |t Ancient Egypt -- |t LBA Cyprus -- |t Horticulture -- |t NK Egypt -- |t Cyprus -- |t Vegetable oils -- |t Olive oil -- |t Olive cultivation in LBA Cyprus -- |t Olives in NK Egypt -- |t Protein, animal fats, and dairy products -- |t Protein -- |t LBA Cyprus -- |t NK Egypt -- |t Animal fats in the Egyptian and Cypriot diet -- |t Dairy products in Cyprus and Egypt -- |g 2.6. |t Area of land required -- |g Stage 1 |t need for seed corn -- |g Stage 2 |t Loss from wastage -- |g Stage 3 |t Weight of crops grown -- |g Stage 4 |t Yield rates -- |g Stage 5 |t Area of land needed to grow crops -- |g 2.7. |t labour-rates, workload, and manpower required to support the agrarian cycle -- |t interrelationship of labour-rate, workload, and manpower -- |t Labour-rate -- |t Workload -- |t Manpower -- |t Preparing the land, ploughing, hoeing, and sowing -- |t ard plough and hoe -- |t Factors affecting the labour-rate for preparing the land -- |t Area of land ploughed and hoed -- |t Quality of land ploughed or hoed -- |t Area of land cultivated or left fallow in the previous year -- |t Tillage -- |t Ploughing labour-rates -- |t Broadcasting the seed and covering with soil labour-rates -- |t Hoeing and clod breaking labour-rates -- |t Workload for preparing the land -- |t Ploughing and hoeing -- |t Sowing -- |t Weeding -- |t Weeding workload -- |t Irrigation -- |t Labour-rate for Egyptian basin irrigation -- |t Labour-rate for shaduf irrigation -- |t Manual irrigation in Cyprus -- |t Workload for manual irrigation in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Harvesting -- |t Reaping -- |t Binding and transporting the harvest -- |t Threshing and winnowing grain and pulses -- |t NK Egypt -- |t LBA Cyprus -- |t Threshing and winnowing labour-rates and workload for Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Milling cereals in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Milling labour-rates and workload -- |t Bakeries and brewing -- |t Bread -- |t Beer production -- |t Bread and beer labour-rate and workload -- |t Horticulture -- |t Oleoculture -- |t Viticulture -- |t Labour-rates and workload -- |t Dairy and protein production -- |t Dairy production -- |t Protein production -- |t Fodder -- |t Egypt -- |t Textual evidence -- |t Archaeobotanical evidence -- |t Cyprus -- |g 2.8. |t Workload and manpower -- |g 2.9. |t Observations -- |g ch. 3 |t Cloth Production in LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt -- |g 3.1. |t Introduction -- |g 3.2. |t Sources of evidence -- |g 3.3. |t properties of linen and wool -- |g 3.4. |t area of cloth required for clothing -- |t Socio-economic profiles -- |t Socio-economic groups 1--3 -- |t Socio-economic groups 4--5 -- |t range and designs of LBA garments -- |t number of garments owned -- |t Wardrobe of socio-economic groups 1--2 -- |t Wardrobe of socio-economic group 3 -- |t Wardrobe of socio-economic group 4 -- |t Wardrobe for socio-economic group 5 -- |t Total numbers of garments owned -- |t total area of cloth required to clothe 100,000 cohort -- |t Annual cloth requirement -- |t amortised annual rate of cloth production -- |t amortised annual cloth requirement collated by garment type and social economic groups -- |g 3.5. |t Weight of flax fibre required -- |t Quality of cloth -- |t Length of yarn required to make one metre of cloth -- |t Total length of yarn required collated by socio-economic group -- |t Weight of yarn required to clothe a cohort of 100,000/yr -- |g 3.6. |t Growing flax in ancient Egypt -- |t Cultivation of flax -- |t Workload requirements for the cultivation of flax for a cohort of 100,000 -- |t Weight of green flax required -- |t Area required to grow sufficient green flax -- |t Agricultural workload -- |g 3.7. |t Preparation of flax for spinning -- |t Rippling workload -- |t Retting workload -- |t Workload to prepare the retted flax for spinning -- |t Production of linen yarn -- |t Splicing flax filaments -- |t Spinning single yams -- |t Spinning and plying yam -- |g 3.8. |t Production of woollen yam in LBA Cyprus -- |t Evidence of wool yields in antiquity -- |t Number of shepherds, size of flocks, and area of grazing land -- |t Time taken to gather wool -- |t Washing sheep -- |t Gathering wool -- |t Combing wool -- |t Spinning wool yarn -- |g 3.9. |t Weaving flax and wool -- |t Looms and associated equipment -- |t Setting up the looms -- |t Weaving rates -- |t Workload to weave the annual cloth requirement -- |g 3.10. |t Manpower requirements -- |g 3.11. |t Observations -- |g ch. 4 |t Shelter -- |g 4.1. |t Introduction -- |g 4.2. |t process to make mud-bricks -- |t Workload required to build mud-brick walls -- |g 4.3. |t Demand for mud-bricks in ancient Egypt -- |t Case Study A -- |t demand for domestic housing due to population growth in the NK -- |t Case Study B -- |t Domestic housing in Amarna -- |t Case Study C -- |t State building projects -- |g 4.4. |t Observations -- |g ch. 5 |t Bronze Production in the LBA -- |g 5.1. |t Introduction -- |t Copper, tin and bronze -- |t Mining copper and tin -- |g 5.2. |t Labour-rates associated with the LBA bronze production -- |t quantity of ore to be mined to produce one kg of copper or tin -- |t Mining the ore -- |t preparation of ores for smelting -- |t Beneficiation -- |t Roasting Cypriot ores -- |t smelting of copper ores -- |t Ancient furnaces -- |t smelting of tin ores -- |t Refining copper -- |t Alloying copper and tin to make bronze -- |g 5.3. |t Charcoal for roasting and smelting ores, refining and alloying -- |t Charcoal production -- |t Weight of charcoal to produce one kg of bronze -- |t labour-rate to produce the charcoal to make one kg of bronze -- |g 5.4. |t Transport considerations -- |t Transporting copper, tin, and bronze -- |t Overland transport -- |t Sea transport -- |t Transport of supplies to Timna -- |g 5.5. |t Comparing the cost of bronze production in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Mining copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt, and tin in Central Asia -- |t Beneficiation of copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt, and tin in Central Asia -- |t Roasting Cypriot sulphide ores -- |t Smelting copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt -- |t Smelting tin ores -- |t Refining copper -- |t Alloying tin and copper -- |t Charcoal requirement to smelt, refine, and alloy the Ulu Burun metals cargo -- |t Transport and fodder -- |t Workload consolidation -- |t Labour-rate to make one kg of bronze -- |t Manpower consolidation -- |g 5.6. |t Observations -- |g ch. |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3.2.Sources of evidence -- 3.3.The properties of linen and wool -- 3.4.The area of cloth required for clothing -- Socio-economic profiles -- Socio-economic groups 1 -- 3 -- Socio-economic groups 4 -- 5 -- The range and designs of LBA garments -- The number of garments owned -- Wardrobe of socio-economic groups 1 -- 2 -- Wardrobe of socio-economic group 3 -- Wardrobe of socio-economic group 4 -- Wardrobe for socio-economic group 5 -- Total numbers of garments owned -- The total area of cloth required to clothe 100,000 cohort -- Annual cloth requirement -- The amortised annual rate of cloth production -- The amortised annual cloth requirement collated by garment type and social economic groups -- 3.5.Weight of flax fibre required -- Quality of cloth -- Length of yarn required to make one metre of cloth -- Total length of yarn required collated by socio-economic group -- Weight of yarn required to clothe a cohort of 100,000/yr -- 3.6.Growing flax in ancient Egypt -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 5.4.Transport considerations -- Transporting copper, tin, and bronze -- Overland transport -- Sea transport -- Transport of supplies to Timna -- 5.5.Comparing the cost of bronze production in Cyprus and Egypt -- Mining copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt, and tin in Central Asia -- Beneficiation of copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt, and tin in Central Asia -- Roasting Cypriot sulphide ores -- Smelting copper ores in Cyprus and Egypt -- Smelting tin ores -- Refining copper -- Alloying tin and copper -- Charcoal requirement to smelt, refine, and alloy the Ulu Burun metals cargo -- Transport and fodder -- Workload consolidation -- Labour-rate to make one kg of bronze -- Manpower consolidation -- 5.6.Observations -- ch. 6 The scale and nature of the LBA economy -- 6.1.Introduction -- 6.2.The scale of the LBA economy -- Basic, non-basic workers, and their non-productive dependants -- Basic workforce -- Non-basic workforce -- The scale of the metals trade in the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Cultivation of flax -- Workload requirements for the cultivation of flax for a cohort of 100,000 -- Weight of green flax required -- Area required to grow sufficient green flax -- Agricultural workload -- 3.7.Preparation of flax for spinning -- Rippling workload -- Retting workload -- Workload to prepare the retted flax for spinning -- Production of linen yarn -- Splicing flax filaments -- Spinning single yams -- Spinning and plying yam -- 3.8.Production of woollen yam in LBA Cyprus -- Evidence of wool yields in antiquity -- Number of shepherds, size of flocks, and area of grazing land -- Time taken to gather wool -- Washing sheep -- Gathering wool -- Combing wool -- Spinning wool yarn -- 3.9.Weaving flax and wool -- Looms and associated equipment -- Setting up the looms -- Weaving rates -- Workload to weave the annual cloth requirement -- 3.10.Manpower requirements -- 3.11.Observations -- ch. 4 Shelter -- 4.1.Introduction -- 4.2.The process to make mud-bricks -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Ploughing and hoeing -- Sowing -- Weeding -- Weeding workload -- Irrigation -- Labour-rate for Egyptian basin irrigation -- Labour-rate for shaduf irrigation -- Manual irrigation in Cyprus -- Workload for manual irrigation in Cyprus and Egypt -- Harvesting -- Reaping -- Binding and transporting the harvest -- Threshing and winnowing grain and pulses -- NK Egypt -- LBA Cyprus -- Threshing and winnowing labour-rates and workload for Cyprus and Egypt -- Milling cereals in Cyprus and Egypt -- Milling labour-rates and workload -- Bakeries and brewing -- Bread -- Beer production -- Bread and beer labour-rate and workload -- Horticulture -- Oleoculture -- Viticulture -- Labour-rates and workload -- Dairy and protein production -- Dairy production -- Protein production -- Fodder -- Egypt -- Textual evidence -- Archaeobotanical evidence -- Cyprus -- 2.8.Workload and manpower -- 2.9.Observations -- ch. 3 Cloth Production in LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt -- 3.1.Introduction -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Production cost of bronze -- Supply constraints -- Recycling as a response to supply constraints -- The demand for bronze -- Case Study D Bronze for the Egyptian army at the time of Ramesses II -- Case Study E Bronze for the NK Egyptian agrarian sector -- Case Study F Bronze for the tools of Egyptian state craftsmen -- Observations -- 6.3.The scale of LBA maritime trade -- Improvements in LBA ship design -- Keel and hull -- Mast -- Increased visibility -- Increased size of LBA ships -- Improvement in sails -- Fabric -- Brailing -- The LBA maritime infrastructure -- The cost of sea transport -- Observations -- 6.4.The nature of the LBA economy -- Polanyi's redistribution model challenged -- Case Study G Storage and redistribution of rations for the population of NK Egypt -- Case Study H Storage and redistribution of rations to satisfy the non-basic sector -- Observations -- Evidence for cost accounting in the LBA -- Observations -- The development of a private sector in the LBA -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Protein, animal fats, and dairy products -- Protein -- LBA Cyprus -- NK Egypt -- Animal fats in the Egyptian and Cypriot diet -- Dairy products in Cyprus and Egypt -- 2.6.Area of land required -- Stage 1 The need for seed corn -- Stage 2 Loss from wastage -- Stage 3 Weight of crops grown -- Stage 4 Yield rates -- Stage 5 Area of land needed to grow crops -- 2.7.The labour-rates, workload, and manpower required to support the agrarian cycle -- The interrelationship of labour-rate, workload, and manpower -- Labour-rate -- Workload -- Manpower -- Preparing the land, ploughing, hoeing, and sowing -- The ard plough and hoe -- Factors affecting the labour-rate for preparing the land -- Area of land ploughed and hoed -- Quality of land ploughed or hoed -- Area of land cultivated or left fallow in the previous year -- Tillage -- Ploughing labour-rates -- Broadcasting the seed and covering with soil labour-rates -- Hoeing and clod breaking labour-rates -- Workload for preparing the land -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a SHELTER analyses for mud-brick production and construction of domestic and state granaries -- BRONZECALC analyses for bronze demand -- Metallurgical glossary -- Chemical glossary | |
| 505 | 8 | |a The emerging spending power of the sub-elite -- Price formation -- Value -- Supply and demand -- Proto-currencies -- The merchant: profiteer or agent of the state -- Profit in the LBA: reality or myth -- Evidence for entrepreneurial merchants -- Egypt -- Levantine littoral -- Assyria -- 6.5.Four theoretical socio-economic frameworks applied to the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- The Asiatic mode of production -- The two-sector model -- The patrimonial household model (PHM) -- A world-systems perspective of the LBA Eastern Mediterranean -- The economic strength of Egypt -- Cyprus and Ugarit in the LBA, semi-peripheries or peripheries? -- Multiple cores in the Near East LBA world-system -- LBA world-systems interactions -- 6.6.Final observations -- Economy -- Cost -- Modelling -- Trade -- The importance of LBA Cyprus -- The scale and nature of the LBA economy -- Appendix -- AGCLAC summaries of yield rates and references used in this study -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a The management of drought in dry farming areas -- The management of above average rainfall in dry farming areas -- Dry farming practice -- Fallowing/crop rotation in Cyprus and Egypt -- Egyptian fallowing practice -- Cypriot fallowing practice -- Maintenance of soil fertility -- Fertility from inundation silt in Egypt -- Manuring in Cyprus and Egypt -- Nitrogen fixing with legumes -- 2.3.The energy requirement to feed a 100,000 cohort/yr -- Demographic age profile -- Calorie requirements -- 2.4.The diets of LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt -- The LBA Cypriot diet -- The NK Egyptian diet -- The balanced diet -- 2.5.Evidence for the diet -- Carbohydrates -- Types of cereals grown in Egypt and Cyprus -- Ratio of wheat to barley cultivated -- Honey in Egypt and Cyprus -- Honey in Egypt -- Honey in Cyprus -- Viticulture -- Ancient Egypt -- LBA Cyprus -- Horticulture -- NK Egypt -- Cyprus -- Vegetable oils -- Olive oil -- Olive cultivation in LBA Cyprus -- Olives in NK Egypt -- | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Workload required to build mud-brick walls -- 4.3.Demand for mud-bricks in ancient Egypt -- Case Study A -- The demand for domestic housing due to population growth in the NK -- Case Study B -- Domestic housing in Amarna -- Case Study C -- State building projects -- 4.4.Observations -- ch. 5 Bronze Production in the LBA -- 5.1.Introduction -- Copper, tin and bronze -- Mining copper and tin -- 5.2.Labour-rates associated with the LBA bronze production -- The quantity of ore to be mined to produce one kg of copper or tin -- Mining the ore -- The preparation of ores for smelting -- Beneficiation -- Roasting Cypriot ores -- The smelting of copper ores -- Ancient furnaces -- The smelting of tin ores -- Refining copper -- Alloying copper and tin to make bronze -- 5.3.Charcoal for roasting and smelting ores, refining and alloying -- Charcoal production -- Weight of charcoal to produce one kg of bronze -- The labour-rate to produce the charcoal to make one kg of bronze -- | |
| 520 | |a The aim of this study is to interpret the scale and nature of the economy of the Eastern Mediterranean in the latter period of the Late Bronze Age (LBA). It does this by using a quantitative approach that estimates the size of the workforce required to meet basic needs (food, clothing, and shelter) and state needs. The quantitative findings are used to assess the proportion of the workforce dedicated to basic and non-basic activities of LBA Cyprus and NK Egypt, based on the food required to support a worker and his dependants. This allows the assessment of the relative economic strengths of each region, the extent to which their economies were embedded within their culture, and their economic interactions with other LBA Eastern Mediterranean states. Publisher's note | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a To 1500 |2 fast | |
| 648 | 7 | |a To 332 B.C |2 fast | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Bronze age |z Cyprus | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Bronze age |z Egypt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Bronze age |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Economic conditions |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Economic history |2 fast | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Cyprus |x Economic conditions |y To 1500 | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Egypt |x Economic conditions |y To 332 B.C | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Cyprus |2 fast | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Egypt |2 fast | |
| 830 | 0 | |a BAR international series ; |v 2594 | |
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