António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches

António Nunes Ribeiro Sanches (7 March 1699, – 14 October 1783) was an 18th-century Portuguese physician, philosopher and encyclopédiste. He was a ''cristão novo'' of Jewish descent, probably a practising Jew.

He studied at the universities of Coimbra and Salamanca. He fled Portugal after being targeted by the Inquisition. Sanches moved to London. He then went to Leyden University where he completed his formation under the direction of Herman Boerhaave. He subsequently worked as a physician in various European countries. He was among the three physicians that empress Anna of Russia asked the latter to recommend to her in 1731.

Appointed doctor of the Russian army, he distinguished himself before becoming a court physician. After more than 15 years of stay in Russia, he left the country in 1748 after empress Elizabeth Petrowna had denounced two of his doctor colleagues as Jews. Having had the chance, amid the daily proscriptions which he witnessed to be allowed to leave the country, he took the way to Paris in 1748 where he ended his life. After she ascended to the throne, Catherine the Great rewarded him for his services with a pension of 1000 rubles, which was punctually paid until his death. His extensive library was by the empress.

He gave the article "" ("smallpox") to the ''Encyclopédie'' by Diderot and D'Alembert. He was the first to acquaint western physicians with the effects of Russian steam baths.

He was considered an "''Estrangeirado''", a Portuguese that has been influenced greatly by foreign ideas. He was a critic of the nobility, clerical privileges and slavery. Provided by Wikipedia